46 CFR § 545.4 - Interpretation of Shipping Act of 1984—Unjust and unreasonable practices.
---
identifier: "/us/cfr/t46/s545.4"
source: "ecfr"
legal_status: "authoritative_unofficial"
title: "46 CFR § 545.4 - Interpretation of Shipping Act of 1984—Unjust and unreasonable practices."
title_number: 46
title_name: "Shipping"
section_number: "545.4"
section_name: "Interpretation of Shipping Act of 1984—Unjust and unreasonable practices."
chapter_name: "FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION"
subchapter_number: "B"
subchapter_name: "REGULATIONS AFFECTING OCEAN SHIPPING IN FOREIGN COMMERCE"
part_number: "545"
part_name: "INTERPRETATIONS AND STATEMENTS OF POLICY"
positive_law: false
currency: "2026-04-05"
last_updated: "2026-04-05"
format_version: "1.1.0"
generator: "[email protected]"
authority: "5 U.S.C. 553; 46 U.S.C. 305, 40307, 40501-40503, 41101-41106, and 40901-40904; 46 CFR 515.23"
cfr_part: "545"
---
# 545.4 Interpretation of Shipping Act of 1984—Unjust and unreasonable practices.
46 U.S.C. 41102(c) is interpreted to require the following elements in order to establish a successful claim for reparations:
(a) The respondent is an ocean common carrier, marine terminal operator, or ocean transportation intermediary;
(b) The claimed acts or omissions of the regulated entity are occurring on a normal, customary, and continuous basis;
(c) The practice or regulation relates to or is connected with receiving, handling, storing, or delivering property;
(d) The practice or regulation is unjust or unreasonable; and
(e) The practice or regulation is the proximate cause of the claimed loss.
[83 FR 64480, Dec. 17, 2018]