# 531.5 Fuel economy standards.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, each manufacturer of passenger automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in table 1 to this paragraph (a), expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year specified as applicable:
Table 1 to Paragraph (**a**)
| Model year | Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 18.0 |
| 1979 | 19.0 |
| 1980 | 20.0 |
| 1981 | 22.0 |
| 1982 | 24.0 |
| 1983 | 26.0 |
| 1984 | 27.0 |
| 1985 | 27.5 |
| 1986 | 26.0 |
| 1987 | 26.0 |
| 1988 | 26.0 |
| 1989 | 26.5 |
| 1990-2010 | 27.5 |
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model year 2011, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to figure 1 and the appropriate values in table 2 to this paragraph (b).
Where:
*N* is the total number (sum) of passenger automobiles produced by a manufacturer;
*N*<sub>i</sub> is the number (sum) of the *ith* passenger automobile model produced by the manufacturer; and
*T*<sub>i</sub> is the fuel economy target of the *ith* model passenger automobile, which is determined according to the following formula, rounded to the nearest hundredth:
Where:
Parameters *a, b, c,* and *d* are defined in table 2 to this paragraph (b);
*e* = 2.718; and
*x* = footprint (in square feet, rounded to the nearest tenth) of the vehicle model.
Table 2 to paragraph (**b**)— Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 31.20 | 24.00 | 51.41 | 1.91 |
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model years 2012-2031, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to this figure 2 and the appropriate values in this table 3 to this paragraph (c).
Where:
*CAFE*<sub>required</sub> is the fleet average fuel economy standard for a given fleet (domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles);
Subscript *i* is a designation of multiple groups of automobiles, where each group's designation, *i.e., i* = 1, 2, 3, etc., represents automobiles that share a unique model type and footprint within the applicable fleet, either domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles;
*Production*<sub>i</sub> is the number of passenger automobiles produced for sale in the United States within each *ith* designation, *i.e.,* which share the same model type and footprint;
*TARGET*<sub>i</sub> is the fuel economy target in miles per gallon (mpg) applicable to the footprint of passenger automobiles within each *ith* designation, *i.e.,* which share the same model type and footprint, calculated according to figure 3 to this paragraph (c) and rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mpg, *i.e.,* 35.455 = 35.46 mpg, and the summations in the numerator and denominator are both performed over all models in the fleet in question.
Where:
*TARGET* is the fuel economy target (in mpg) applicable to vehicles of a given footprint (*FOOTPRINT,* in square feet);
Parameters *a, b, c,* and *d* are defined in table 3 to this paragraph (c); and
The *MIN* and *MAX* functions take the minimum and maximum, respectively, of the included values.
Table 3 to Paragraph (**c**)—Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets, MYs 2012-2031
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | 35.95 | 27.95 | 0.0005308 | 0.006057 |
| 2013 | 36.80 | 28.46 | 0.0005308 | 0.005410 |
| 2014 | 37.75 | 29.03 | 0.0005308 | 0.004725 |
| 2015 | 39.24 | 29.90 | 0.0005308 | 0.003719 |
| 2016 | 41.09 | 30.96 | 0.0005308 | 0.002573 |
| 2017 | 43.61 | 32.65 | 0.0005131 | 0.001896 |
| 2018 | 45.21 | 33.84 | 0.0004954 | 0.001811 |
| 2019 | 46.87 | 35.07 | 0.0004783 | 0.001729 |
| 2020 | 48.74 | 36.47 | 0.0004603 | 0.001643 |
| 2021 | 49.48 | 37.02 | 0.000453 | 0.00162 |
| 2022 | 50.24 | 37.59 | 0.000447 | 0.00159 |
| 2023 | 51.00 | 38.16 | 0.000440 | 0.00157 |
| 2024 | 55.44 | 41.48 | 0.000405 | 0.00144 |
| 2025 | 60.26 | 45.08 | 0.000372 | 0.00133 |
| 2026 | 66.95 | 50.09 | 0.000335 | 0.00120 |
| 2027 | 68.32 | 51.12 | 0.00032841 | 0.00117220 |
| 2028 | 69.71 | 52.16 | 0.00032184 | 0.00114876 |
| 2029 | 71.14 | 53.22 | 0.00031541 | 0.00112579 |
| 2030 | 72.59 | 54.31 | 0.00030910 | 0.00110327 |
| 2031 | 74.07 | 55.42 | 0.00030292 | 0.00108120 |
(d) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each manufacturer, other than manufacturers subject to standards in paragraph (e) of this section, shall also meet the minimum fleet standard for domestically manufactured passenger automobiles expressed in table 4 to this paragraph (d):
Table 4 to Paragraph (**d**)—Minimum Fuel Economy Standards for Domestically Manufactured Passenger Automobiles, MYs 2011-2031
| Model year | Minimumstandard |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 | 27.8 |
| 2012 | 30.7 |
| 2013 | 31.4 |
| 2014 | 32.1 |
| 2015 | 33.3 |
| 2016 | 34.7 |
| 2017 | 36.7 |
| 2018 | 38.0 |
| 2019 | 39.4 |
| 2020 | 40.9 |
| 2021 | 39.9 |
| 2022 | 40.6 |
| 2023 | 41.1 |
| 2024 | 44.3 |
| 2025 | 48.1 |
| 2026 | 53.5 |
| 2027 | 54.2 |
| 2028 | 55.2 |
| 2029 | 56.4 |
| 2030 | 57.5 |
| 2031 | 58.7 |
(e) The following manufacturers shall comply with the standards indicated in paragraphs (e)(1) through (15) of this section for the specified model years:
(1) *Avanti Motor Corporation.*
Table 5 to § 531.5(**e**)(1)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 16.1 |
| 1979 | 14.5 |
| 1980 | 15.8 |
| 1981 | 18.2 |
| 1982 | 18.2 |
| 1983 | 16.9 |
| 1984 | 16.9 |
| 1985 | 16.9 |
(2) *Rolls-Royce Motors, Inc.*
Table 6 to § 531.5(**e**)(2)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 10.7 |
| 1979 | 10.8 |
| 1980 | 11.1 |
| 1981 | 10.7 |
| 1982 | 10.6 |
| 1983 | 9.9 |
| 1984 | 10.0 |
| 1985 | 10.0 |
| 1986 | 11.0 |
| 1987 | 11.2 |
| 1988 | 11.2 |
| 1989 | 11.2 |
| 1990 | 12.7 |
| 1991 | 12.7 |
| 1992 | 13.8 |
| 1993 | 13.8 |
| 1994 | 13.8 |
| 1995 | 14.6 |
| 1996 | 14.6 |
| 1997 | 15.1 |
| 1998 | 16.3 |
| 1999 | 16.3 |
(3) *Checker Motors Corporation.*
Table 7 to § 531.5(**e**)(3)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 17.6 |
| 1979 | 16.5 |
| 1980 | 18.5 |
| 1981 | 18.3 |
| 1982 | 18.4 |
(4) *Aston Martin Lagonda Limited.*
Table 8 to § 531.5(**e**)(4)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 1979 | 11.5 |
| 1980 | 12.1 |
| 1981 | 12.2 |
| 1982 | 12.2 |
| 1983 | 11.3 |
| 1984 | 11.3 |
| 1985 | 11.4 |
| 2008 | 19.0 |
| 2009 | 18.6 |
| 2010 | 19.2 |
| 2011 | 19.1 |
| 2012 | 19.2 |
| 2013 | 20.1 |
| 2014 | 19.7 |
| 2015 | 19.8 |
| 2016 | 20.2 |
| 2017 | 21.4 |
| 2018 | 22.9 |
| 2019 | 22.4 |
| 2020 | 22.6 |
| 2021 | 24.9 |
| 2022 | 24.9 |
| 2023 | 24.9 |
(5) *Excalibur Automobile Corporation.*
Table 9 to § 531.5(**e**)(5)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 11.5 |
| 1979 | 11.5 |
| 1980 | 16.2 |
| 1981 | 17.9 |
| 1982 | 17.9 |
| 1983 | 16.6 |
| 1984 | 16.6 |
| 1985 | 16.6 |
(6) *Lotus Cars Ltd.*
Table 10 to § 531.5(**e**)(6)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1994 | 24.2 |
| 1995 | 23.3 |
(7) *Officine Alfieri Maserati, S.p.A.*
Table 11 to § 531.5(**e**)(7)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 12.5 |
| 1979 | 12.5 |
| 1980 | 9.5 |
| 1984 | 17.9 |
| 1985 | 16.8 |
(8) *Lamborghini of North America.*
Table 12 to § 531.5(**e**)(8)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1983 | 13.7 |
| 1984 | 13.7 |
(9) *LondonCoach Co., Inc.*
Table 13 to § 531.5(**e**)(9)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1985 | 21.0 |
| 1986 | 21.0 |
| 1987 | 21.0 |
(10) *Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A./Vector Aeromotive Corporation.*
Table 14 § 531.5(**e**)(10)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1995 | 12.8 |
| 1996 | 12.6 |
| 1997 | 12.5 |
(11) *Dutcher Motors, Inc.*
Table 15 to § 531.5(**e**)(11)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1986 | 16.0 |
| 1987 | 16.0 |
| 1988 | 16.0 |
| 1992 | 17.0 |
| 1993 | 17.0 |
| 1994 | 17.0 |
| 1995 | 17.0 |
(12) *MedNet, Inc.*
Table 16 to § 531.5(**e**)(12)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Averagefueleconomystandard(miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 | 17.0 |
| 1997 | 17.0 |
| 1998 | 17.0 |
(13) *Vector Aeromotive Corporation.*
Table 17 to § 531.5(**e**)(13)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1998 | 12.1 |
(14) *Qvale Automotive Group Srl.*
Table 18 to § 531.5(**e**)(14)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | Miles pergallon |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | 22.0 |
| 2001 | 22.0 |
(15) *Spyker Automobielen B.V.*
Table 19 to § 531.5(**e**)(15)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2006 | 18.9 |
| 2007 | 18.9 |
| 2008 | 19.6 |
| 2009 | 19.6 |
| 2010 | 20.7 |
(16) *Ferrari.*
Table 20 to § 531.5(**e**)(16)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2016 | 21.7 |
| 2017 | 21.5 |
| 2018 | 21.6 |
| 2020 | 21.1 |
(17) *Koenigsegg.*
Table 21 to § 531.5(**e**)(17)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2015 | 16.7 |
| 2018 | 16.7 |
| 2019 | 16.6 |
| 2020 | 16.6 |
| 2021 | 16.6 |
| 2022 | 16.9 |
| 2023 | 16.9 |
(18) *McLaren.*
Table 22 to § 531.5(**e**)(18)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2012 | 23.2 |
| 2013 | 24.0 |
| 2014 | 23.8 |
| 2015 | 22.9 |
| 2016 | 23.2 |
| 2017 | 24.3 |
| 2018 | 23.3 |
| 2019 | 22.5 |
| 2020 | 22.5 |
| 2021 | 21.5 |
| 2022 | 24.6 |
| 2023 | 25.7 |
(19) *Mobility Ventures.*
Table 23 to § 531.5(**e**)(19)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | 19.6 |
| 2015 | 20.1 |
| 2016 | 20.1 |
(20) *Pagani.*
Table 24 to § 531.5(**e**)(20)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
| Model year | (Miles pergallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | 15.6 |
| 2016 | 15.6 |
| 2017 | 15.6 |
| 2018 | 15.6 |
| 2019 | 15.5 |
| 2020 | 15.5 |
| 2021 | 15.5 |
| 2022 | 15.5 |
| 2023 | 15.5 |
[87 FR 26070, May 2, 2022, as amended at 89 FR 12756, Feb. 20, 2024; 89 FR 52945, June 24, 2024; 89 FR 60833, July 29, 2024]