# § 78a. Short title
This chapter may be cited as the “Securities Exchange Act of 1934.”
---
**Source Credit**: (June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title I, § 1, 48 Stat. 881.)
## Editorial Notes
### References in Text
> “Title I—Regulation of Securities Exchanges”
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “This Act” meaning the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, . The act was divided into two titles as follows:
and “Title II—Amendments to Securities Act of 1933.” This section was section 1 of title I of the Act, which title, as amended, is set out as sections 78a to 78d–5, 78e to 78, 78m, 78m–1, 78n to 78, 78–3, 78–4, 78–5 to 78–7, 78–10 to 78u–6, 78v to 78dd–1, 78ee to 78hh, 78mm, and 78pp to 78rr of this title. Sections 78kk, 78, 78nn, 78, and 78rr of this title, which were directed to be added at the end of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, have been treated in the Code as added to title I of the Act to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See Codification notes set out under those sections. Title II of the act amended or repealed sections 77b, 77c, 77d, 77e, 77j, 77k, 77m, 77, and 77s of this title, and added former sections 78ii and 78jj of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
## Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
### Short Title of 2025 Amendment
> “This section [amending
>
> and enacting provisions set out as notes under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Holding Foreign Insiders Accountable Act’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title 2022 Amendment
> “This title [enacting sections 77z–4 and 78rr of this title and sections 14a, 253, 1772e, 1772f, 1831cc, 1831dd, 4527, 4528, 5334, 5335, 5498, and 5499 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending sections 77g, 78d, 78m, 78n, 78
>
> –3, 78
>
> –4, 78
>
> –7, 80a–8, 80a–29, and 80b–4 of this title and sections 1467a, 1844, 5361, and 5468 of Title 12, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 77g, 78
>
> –3, 78
>
> –4, and 78rr of this title and sections 14a, 253, 1772e, 1831cc, 4527, 5334, 5335, and 5498 of Title 12, and amending provisions set out as a note under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Financial Data Transparency Act of 2022’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2018 Amendment
> “This title [amending
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Small Business Access to Capital After a Natural Disaster Act’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2016 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting
>
> and amending sections 78d and 80c–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘SEC Small Business Advocate Act of 2016’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2012 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting
>
> , amending sections 77b, 77c, 77d, 77e to 77g, 77r, 78c, 78k–1, 78
>
> , 78m, 78n, 78n–1, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –6, 7213, and 7262 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 77a, 77b, 77d, 77g, 77r, 78c, 78d, 78
>
> , and 78
>
> –6 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 78
>
> of this title] may be cited as the ‘Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2010 Amendment
> “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Investor Protection and Securities Reform Act of 2010’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2006 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting section 78
>
> –7 of this title, amending sections 78c, 78
>
> , 78q, 78u–2, 80a–2, 80a–9, 80b–2, and 80b–3 of this title,
>
> , Banks and Banking,
>
> , Education, and
>
> , Highways, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 78
>
> –7 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2004 Amendment
> “This section [amending sections 78
>
> and 78
>
> –5 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Emergency Securities Response Act of 2004’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 2002 Amendments
> “This title [amending sections 77h–1, 78u–3, and 78ff of this title and sections 1512 and 1513 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as a note under
>
> , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Corporate Fraud Accountability Act of 2002’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This Act [enacting chapter 48 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, amending sections 77f, 77ggg, 78d, 78m, 78n, and 78ee of this title, sections 3132 and 5373 of Title 5, and
>
> , Banks and Banking, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
>
> and
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Investor and Capital Markets Fee Relief Act’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1998 Amendments
> “This Act [enacting
>
> , amending sections 78dd–1, 78dd–2, and 78ff of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘International Anti-Bribery and Fair Competition Act of 1998’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This Act [amending sections 77b, 77k, 77m, 77p, 77r, 77v, 77z–1 to 77z–3, 77aa, 77ccc, 77ddd, 77mmm, 77sss, 78c, 78d, 78g, 78n, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –4, 78
>
> –5, 78q, 78s, 78t, 78u–4, 78z, 78bb, 78ee, 78kk, 78
>
> , 80a–2, 80a–3, 80a–12, 80a–18, 80a–29, 80a–30, 80b–3, and 80b–18a of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 77p and 78u of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1996 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting sections 77z–3, 78mm, and 80b–3a of this title, amending sections 77b, 77c, 77f, 77r, 77ddd, 78c, 78d, 78g, 78h, 78
>
> , 78q, 78bb, 78ee, 78kk, 80a–2, 80a–3, 80a–6, 80a–12, 80a–24, 80a–26, 80a–27, 80a–29, 80a–30, 80a–34, 80a–54, 80a–60, 80a–63, 80b–2, 80b–3, 80b–5, and 80b–18a of this title and
>
> , Labor, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 77e, 77r, 78b, 78n, 78
>
> , 78ee, 80a–2, 80a–3, 80a–24, 80a–51, 80b–2, 80b–3a, 80b–10, and 80b–20 of this title, and
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [enacting sections 77z–3 and 78mm of this title, amending sections 77b, 77r, 78c, 78g, 78h, 78
>
> , 78q, 78bb, and 80a–2 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 77e and 77r of this title] may be cited as the ‘Capital Markets Efficiency Act of 1996’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [amending sections 77f, 78d, 78ee, and 78kk of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Securities and Exchange Commission Authorization Act of 1996’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1995 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting sections 77z–1, 77z–2, 78j–1, 78u–4, and 78u–5 of this title, amending sections 77k, 77
>
> , 77t, 78
>
> , 78t, 78u, and 78u–4 of this title and
>
> , Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 77k, 77
>
> , and 78j–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1994 Amendments
> “This Act [amending section 78
>
> of this title] may be cited as the ‘Unlisted Trading Privileges Act of 1994’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 201–210) of title II of
>
> enacting
>
> , Banks and Banking, amending sections 77r–1, 78c, 78g, 78h, and 78k of this title and sections 24, 1464, and 1757 of Title 12, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
>
> and
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Small Business Loan Securitization and Secondary Market Enhancement Act of 1994’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1993 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting
>
> , Money and Finance, amending sections 78c, 78f, 78n, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –3, 78
>
> –5, 78s, and 78w of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 78f, 78n, and 78
>
> –5 of this title, and
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Government Securities Act Amendments of 1993’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [amending sections 78f, 78n, and 78
>
> –3 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 78f and 78n of this title] may be cited as the ‘Limited Partnership Rollup Reform Act of 1993’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1990 Amendments
> “This Act [amending sections 77ccc to 77eee, 77iii to 77rrr, 77uuu, 77vvv, 78c, 78d, 78n, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –4, 78
>
> –5, 78q–1, 78x, 78kk, 79z–5, 80a–2, 80a–9, 80a–44, 80a–45, 80b–2, 80b–3, 80b–10, and 80b–18 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 77aaa and 78n of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities Acts Amendments of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [amending sections 77uuu, 78d, 78kk, 79z–5, 80a–45, and 80b–18 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities and Exchange Commission Authorization Act of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [amending sections 78c, 78d, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –4, 78
>
> –5, 78q–1, 78x, 80a–2, 80a–9, 80a–44, 80b–2, 80b–3, and 80b–10 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Securities Enforcement Cooperation Act of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [amending
>
> and enacting provisions set out as a note under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Shareholder Communications Improvement Act of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This Act [enacting section 1831
>
> of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending sections 78i, 78
>
> , 78m, 78
>
> –5, 78q, 78q–1, and 78y of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 78b and 78q–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Market Reform Act of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This Act [enacting sections 77h–1, 78q–2, 78u–2, and 78u–3 of this title, amending sections 77g, 77t, 78c, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –3, 78
>
> –4, 78q–1, 78u, 78u–1, 78w, 78cc, 80a–9, 80a–41, 80b–3, 80b–9, and 80b–14 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 77g, 78
>
> , and 78s of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities Enforcement Remedies and Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [enacting
>
> , amending sections 77g, 78c, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –3, and 78cc of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 78
>
> and 78s of this title] may be cited as the ‘Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1988 Amendments
> “This Act [enacting sections 78t–1, 78u–1, and 80b–4a of this title, amending sections 78c, 78
>
> , 78u, 78ff, and 78kk of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 78b, 78
>
> , and 78u–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This part [part I (§§ 5001–5003) of subtitle A of title I of
>
> , amending sections 78m, 78dd–1, 78dd–2, and 78ff of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1988’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1987 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting sections 78d–1, 78d–2, and 78
>
> of this title, amending sections 77b, 77c, 77f, 77i, 77s, 77t, 77v, 77ccc, 78c, 78d, 78f, 78k–1, 78
>
> , 78m, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –4, 78
>
> –5, 78q, 78q–1, 78u, 78w, 78aa, 78bb, 78kk, 78
>
> , 79h, 79r, 79x, 79y, 79z–4, 80a–2, 80a–3, 80a–5, 80a–6, 80a–9, 80a–12, 80a–15, 80a–17, 80a–18, 80a–20, 80a–21, 80a–22, 80a–24, 80a–26, 80a–28, 80a–35, 80a–41, 80a–52, 80a–53, 80a–54, 80a–56, 80b–2, 80b–3, 80b–5, 80b–9, 80b–11, 80b–13, and 80b–14 of this title, and repealing sections 78d–1, 78d–2, and 78jj of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities and Exchange Commission Authorization Act of 1987’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1986 Amendment
> “This Act [enacting section 78
>
> –5 of this title and
>
> , Money and Finance, amending sections 78c, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –3, 78q, 78w, 78y, 80a–9, and 80b–3 of this title and
>
> , and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 78
>
> –5 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Government Securities Act of 1986’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1985 Amendment
> “This Act [amending
>
> and enacting a provision set out as a note under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Shareholder Communications Act of 1985’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1984 Amendment
> “This Act [amending sections 78c, 78
>
> , 78t, 78u, and 78ff of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1977 Amendment
> “This title [enacting sections 78dd–1 and 78dd–2 of this title and amending sections 78m and 78ff of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977’.”
, , , provided that:
> “This title [amending sections 78m and 78
>
> of this title] may be cited as the ‘Domestic and Foreign Investment Improved Disclosure Act of 1977’.”
, , , provided that:
### Short Title of 1975 Amendment
> “That this Act [enacting sections 78k–1, 78
>
> –4, 78q–1, and 78kk of this title, amending sections 77d, 77x, 77yyy, 78b, 78c, 78d–1, 78f, 78h, 78k, 78
>
> , 78m, 78
>
> , 78
>
> –3, 78q, 78s, 78u, 78w, 78x, 78y, 78bb, 78ee, 78ff, 78iii, 79z–3, 80a–9, 80a–10, 80a–13, 80a–15, 80a–16, 80a–18, 80a–31, 80a–35, 80a–48, 80b–3, 80b–4, and 80b–17 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 78b and 78f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities Acts Amendments of 1975’.”
, , , provided:
### Short Title of 1964 Amendment
> “That this Act [amending sections 77d, 78c, 78
>
> to 78
>
> , 78
>
> –3, 78p, 78t, 78w, and 78ff of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under
>
> ] may be cited as the ‘Securities Acts Amendments of 1964’.”
, , , provided:
### Short Title of 1936 Amendment
, , enacting sections 78–1, 78–1, 78–2, and 78hh–1 of this title, and amending sections 78, 78, 78q, 78r, 78t, 78u, 78w, and 78ff of this title, is popularly known as the Unlisted Securities Trading Act.
### Severability
> “If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note above], an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.”
, , , provided:
### Congressional Findings of 1998 Amendment
> **“(1)** the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 [see Short Title of 1995 Amendment note above] sought to prevent abuses in private securities fraud lawsuits;
>
> **“(2)** since enactment of that legislation, considerable evidence has been presented to Congress that a number of securities class action lawsuits have shifted from Federal to State courts;
>
> **“(3)** this shift has prevented that Act from fully achieving its objectives;
>
> **“(4)** State securities regulation is of continuing importance, together with Federal regulation of securities, to protect investors and promote strong financial markets; and
>
> **“(5)** in order to prevent certain State private securities class action lawsuits alleging fraud from being used to frustrate the objectives of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, it is appropriate to enact national standards for securities class action lawsuits involving nationally traded securities, while preserving the appropriate enforcement powers of State securities regulators and not changing the current treatment of individual lawsuits.”
, , , provided that:
### Purposes of 1996 Amendment
> **“(1)** to authorize appropriations for the Commission for fiscal year 1997; and
>
> **“(2)** to reduce over time the rates of fees charged under the Federal securities laws.”
, , , provided:
### Definitions
> **“(1)** the term ‘Commission’ means the Securities and Exchange Commission; and
>
> **“(2)** the term ‘State’ has the same meaning as in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c].”
, , , provided: